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The two main copper based timber treatments, other than copper chrome arsenate (CCA), are alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper azole (CA). Both are less hazardous to the environment and human health than CCA.

Creosote is one of the oldest forms of timber preservative. It is derived from coal or wood, contains more than 300 chemicals and is characterised by its dark, tar-coloured appearance and distinctive smell. It is only used outdoors as it can harm human health if used indoors.

Copper chrome arsenate (CCA) is a water-borne solution of up to 25% copper, up to 45% chromium and up to 37% arsenic. This treatment makes the timber highly resistant to pests and fungi but it can also be toxic when handled or burnt, and should never be used for household building or renovation.

In NSW, the EPA monitors the use of chemicals involved in treating timber, sets standards for responsible use of timber treatments and regulates the wood preservation industry.

Brands and labels on timber preserved to Australian Standards help buyers and users identify which company manufactured it, the treatment used and its hazard level. Special labelling is required for timber treated with copper chrome arsenate (CCA).